Ovyd.com pronounced as (ov-id).
A similar site is found hereeyQe.com pronounced as (ike). eyQe.com,
EYqE.com
Acronym Definition
OVYD Online Vineyard
OVYD Online Virginia Young Democrats
A vineyard is a plantation of grape-bearing vines, grown mainly for winemaking,
but also raisins, table grapes and non-alcoholic grape juice. The science,
practice and study of vineyard production is known as viticulture.
A vineyard is often characterised by its terroir, a French term loosely
translating as "a sense of place" that refers to the specific geographical and
geological characteristics of grapevine plantations, which may be imparted in
the wine. The precise conditions which a vineyard must maintain are often
tightly-regulated and in recent years have become the subject of progressive and
often radical change.
History
Enlarge picture
Common vineyard (ca. 1910)
The earliest evidence of wine production dates from between 6000 and 5000 BC.[1]
Wine making technology improved considerably with the ancient Greeks but it
wasn't until the end of the Roman Empire that cultivation techniques as we know
them were common throughout Europe.[2]
In medieval Europe the Christian Church was a staunch supporter of wine, which
was necessary for the celebration of the Catholic Mass. During the lengthy
instability of the Middle Ages, the Christian monasteries maintained and
developed viticultural practices, having the resources, security, stability and
interest in improving the quality of their vines. They owned and tended the best
vineyards in Europe and vinum theologium was considered superior to all others.
Enlarge picture
Modern vineyards on the banks of the Rhine river in Germany.
European vineyards were planted with a wide variety of the Vitis vinifera grape.
However, in the late 19th century, the entire species was nearly destroyed by
the plant louse phylloxera accidentally introduced to Europe from North America.
Native American grapevines include varieties such as Vitis labrusca, which is
resistant to the bug, but produce wines with a foxy, animal-like taste. Vitis
vinifera varieties were saved by being grafted onto the rootstock of native
American varieties, although there is still no remedy for phylloxera, which
remains a danger to any vineyard not planted with grafted rootstock.
The oldest productive vineyard in the world is claimed to be located in Maribor,
Slovenia, based largely on the celebrated Stara trta, a 400-year-old grapevine
which grows there and was recognized as the oldest living example by the
Guinness Book of Records in 2004.[3][4]
Modern practices
Viticulture
Enlarge picture
A vineyard with bird-netting.
The quest for vineyard efficiency has produced a bewildering range of systems
and techniques in recent years. Due to the often much more fertile New World
growing conditions, attention has focussed heavily on managing the vine's more
vigorous growth. Innovation in palissage (training of the vine, usually along a
trellis, and often referred to as "canopy management") and pruning and thinning
methods (which aim to optimize the Leaf Area/Fruit (LA/F) ratio relative to a
vineyard's microclimate) have largely replaced more general, traditional
concepts like "yield per hectare" in favor of "maximizing yield of desired
quality". Many of these new techniques have since been adopted in place of
traditional practice in the more progressive of the so-called "Old World"
vineyards.[5]
Other recent practices include spraying water on vines to protect them from
sub-zero temperatures (aspersion), new grafting techniques, soil slotting, and
mechanical harvesting. Such techniques have made possible the development of
wine industries in New World countries such as Canada. Today there is increasing
interest in developing organic, ecologically sensitive and sustainable
vineyards. Biodynamics has become increasingly popular in viticulture. The use
of drip irrigation in recent years has expanded vineyards into areas which were
previously unplantable. As a consequence of irrigation, yields are more
consistent and vintage years virtually irrelevant. [6]
Enlarge picture
"Old World" vineyard using modern spacing and trellising methods
For well over half a century Cornell University, the University of California at
Davis, and California State University at Fresno, among others, have been
conducting scientific experiments to improve viticulture and educating
practitioners. The research includes developing improved grape varieties and
investigating pest control. The International Grape Genome Program is an
multi-national effort to discover a genetic means to improving quality,
increasing yield and providing a "natural" resistance to pests.
The implementation of mechanical harvesting is often stimulated by changes in
labor laws, labor shortages, and bureaucratic complications. It can be expensive
to hire labor for short periods of time, which does not square well with the
need to reduce production costs and harvest quickly, often at night. However,
very small vineyards, incompatible widths between rows of grape vines and steep
terrain hinder the employment of machine harvesting even more than the
resistance of traditional views which reject such harvesting.
Current trends
Numbers of New World vineyard plantings have been increasing almost as fast as
European vineyards are being uprooted. Between 1990 and 2003, U.S. vineyards
increased from 292,000 acres (0 km) to 954,000, while Australian vineyard
numbers more than doubled from 146,000 to 356,000 acres (0 km) and Chilean
vineyards grew from 161,500 to 415,000 acres (0 km). The size of individual
vineyards in the New World is significant. Europe's 1.6 million vineyards are an
average of 2 hectares each, while the average Australian vineyard is 50
hectares, providing considerable economies of scale. Exports to Europe from New
World growers increased by 54% in the six years up to 2006.[7]
There are also changes in the kinds of grapes grown. For example, in Chile,
thousands of acres of low-quality grapes have been replaced with such grapes as
Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon. Grape changes are often in response to
changing consumer demand but sometimes result from vine pull schemes designed to
promote vineyard change. Alternatively, the development of "T" budding now
permits the grafting of a different grape variety onto existing rootstock in the
vineyard, making it possible to switch varieties within a two year period.
Local legislation often dicates which varieties are selected, how they are
grown, whether vineyards can be irrigated and exactly when grapes can be
harvested, all of which in serves to reinforce tradition. Of coure, changes in
the law can change which grapes are planted. For example, during Prohibition in
the U.S. (1920-1933), vineyards in California expanded sevenfold to meet the
increasing demand for home-brewing. However, they were largely planted in
varieties with tough skins that could be transported across the country to home
wine-makers and the resulting wine was of low quality.
Leading wine critic Robert M. Parker, Jr. has had a significant influence on
viticulture around the world. His taste preferences have led many growers in
Bordeaux, for example, to practice "green harvesting," in which whole grape
clusters are removed and discarded during the growing season in order to reduce
yields. Also, because of Parker's influence, many growers now strip sections of
leaves away from vines to permit more direct sunlight to reach the grapes.
Terroir
Terroir
Enlarge picture
Vines growing in volcanic lapilli in the La Geria region of Lanzarote. The low,
curved walls are traditionally used to protect the vines from the constant wind.
Terroir refers to the combination of natural factors associated with any
particular vineyard. These factors include such things as soil, underlying rock,
altitude, slope of hill or terrain, orientation toward the sun, and microclimate
(typical rain, winds, humidity, temperature variations, etc.) No two vineyards
have the exact same terroir, although any difference in the resulting wine may
be virtually undetectable.
Vineyards are often on hillsides and on soil of marginal value to other plants.
A common saying is that "the worse the soil, the better the wine." Planting on
hillsides, especially those facing south, is most often in an attempt to
maximize the amount of sunlight that falls on the vineyard. For this reason some
of the best wines come from vineyards planted on quite steep hills, conditions
which would make most other agricultural products uneconomic. The stereotypical
vineyard site for wine grapes (in the Northern hemisphere) is a hillside in a
dry climate with a southern exposure, good drainage to reduce unnecessary water
uptake, and balanced pruning to force the vine to put more of its energy into
the fruit, rather than foliage.
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